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Pseudoangiosarcomatous urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder.

膀胱的假血管肉瘤样尿路上皮癌

Paner GP,Cox RM,Richards K,Akki A,Gokden N,Lopez-Beltran A,Krausz T,McKenney JK,Steinberg GD

Abstract

The pseudoangiosarcomatous pattern has been described mostly in cutaneous and some visceral squamous cell carcinomas and is unique for its striking morphologic resemblance to angiosarcoma. Herein, we describe the clinicopathologic features of 7 pseudoangiosarcomatous urothelial carcinomas that occurred in the urinary bladder. The patients included 6 men and 1 woman ranging in age from 47 to 87 years (median 70 y). The pseudoangiosarcomatous morphology was observed in 7 urothelial carcinomas including 3 with squamous differentiation and comprised 35% to 85% of the invasive tumor. Histologically, the pseudoangiosarcomatous carcinomas were characterized by tumor cell discohesion and lysis that created pseudolumina formations surrounded by attached residual tumor cells. Detached degenerating tumor cells variably admixed with inflammatory cells were common in the false lumina. Partly intact urothelial carcinoma nests contained irregular or cleft-like spaces and disintegrating tumor cells with stretched intercellular bridges. The tumor was commonly associated with a dense collagenous matrix, often surrounding the lytic nests. Similar tumor cell discohesion and breakdown were observed in 3 tumors with foci of squamous cell differentiation, distinguished by the presence of dyskeratosis and keratin formation. All 7 tumors contained other nonpseudoangiosarcomatous carcinoma components such as conventional urothelial carcinoma (5), squamous differentiation (4), sarcomatoid spindle cell carcinoma (2), small cell carcinoma (1), micropapillary carcinoma (1), and glandular differentiation (1). The pseudoangiosarcomatous urothelial carcinomas were all (7/7) diffusely CK7 positive, most (6/7) were GATA3 positive, and none (0/7) expressed vascular-associated markers. There was no evidence to suggest that apoptosis (by TUNEL assay and cleaved caspase-3 immunostaining) or loss of the adhesion molecules CD138 and e-cadherin were possible causes for the tumor cell discohesion and breakdown. All 7 tumors were high stage at cystectomy and included 1 pT3a, 2 pT3b, and 4 pT4a tumors, and 3 had pelvic lymph node involvement. Follow-up data available in 6 cases revealed a poor outcome with an overall median survival of 8.5 months. In conclusion, we present an unusual morphology of bladder carcinoma that has a striking resemblance to a malignant vasoformative tumor. Our series showed that bladder pseudoangiosarcomatous carcinoma morphology is associated with a higher tumor stage at cystectomy, commonly admixed with other aggressive carcinoma variant morphologies, and portend a poorer outcome. Knowledge of this pattern is also important to avoid misdiagnosis, particularly in limited tissue samples.

摘要

在皮肤和一些内脏鳞状细胞癌中可以见到假血管肉瘤样模式,形态学表现像血管肉瘤为其特征。在此,我们描述了7例发生于膀胱的假血管肉瘤样尿路上皮癌。

材料与方法:男性6例,女性1例,年龄范围47-87岁 (中位年龄70岁)。

结果:7例尿路上皮癌呈现假血管肉瘤样形态,3例有鳞状分化,占浸润性肿瘤的35%-85%。组织学上,假血管肉瘤样癌肿瘤细胞黏附性差、溶解,形成假性腔隙,周围包绕以残存肿瘤细胞。假性腔隙内常见分离的退变肿瘤细胞不同程度混有炎细胞。部分完整的尿路上皮癌巢包括不规则的、裂隙样腔隙,肿瘤细胞有拉伸的细胞间桥。肿瘤常有致密胶原基质,多围绕溶解的癌巢。同样的肿瘤细胞失黏附和分离也见于有灶状鳞状细胞分化的3例,而不同于角化不良和角化。7例均有其它非假血管肉瘤样癌成分,如传统的尿路上皮癌(5), 鳞状分化(4),肉瘤样梭形细胞癌(2),小细胞癌(1),微乳头癌(1), 腺管状分化(1)。假血管肉瘤样尿路上皮癌全部弥漫表达CK7 (7/7), 大部分(6/7)表达GATA3, 全部不表达 (0/7)血管相关标记物。没有证据表明凋亡(TUNEL和cleaved caspase-3免疫染色)或黏附分子CD138及e-cadherin丢失可能是导致肿瘤细胞失黏附和分离的原因。全部7例在膀胱切除时为高分期,包括1例pT3a, 2例pT3b, 4例pT4a,3例有盆腔淋巴结受累。具有随访数据的6例表明预后差,总的平均生存期为8.5个月。

结论:总之,我们提出了一种少见类型的膀胱癌,形态学上很像恶性血管形成性肿瘤。我们的系列研究表明膀胱假血管肉瘤样癌形态与膀胱切除术时高肿瘤分期有关,常常混有其它类型侵袭性癌成分,预后差。了解这种模式对于避免误诊很重要,尤其是小的组织标本时。


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