Session 5 of 2007 Workshop of the Society for Hematopathology/European Association for Haematopathology focused on therapy-related myeloid neoplasms. This report discusses the diversity and relevance of clinical, pathologic, and genetic features and provides an update on the pathogenesis of these disorders. We highlight common diagnostic issues such as the differentiation between therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome and therapy-related acute erythroid leukemia. As similar therapeutic interventions are frequently considered for patients with either of these diagnoses, in the current World Health Organization classification, regardless of morphologic presentation, therapy-related myeloid neoplasms are considered together as a unique clinicopathologic syndrome of therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia. Nevertheless, recognition of the diverse morphologic features is crucial as bone marrow morphologic examination remains the first and important step of patient evaluation. We also present examples of therapy-related acute myeloid leukemias with recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities. In these cases, the precise classification is clinically important because it is associated with distinct clinical outcome.