The first renal biopsy was carried out more than a century ago, but its widespread introduction into clinical use, beginning in the 1950s, helped develop nephrology into the powerful subspecialty of internal medicine that it is today. In the past 25 years, the use of the spring-loaded biopsy gun, in combination with newer visualization techniques, including ultrasound and computed axial tomography scanning, has led to greater tissue yield and to a much lower risk of complication. During this same time, our understanding of renal pathology has increased many fold. Correct fixation and processing of renal biopsy tissue is critical, and the laboratory must be skilled with renal biopsy light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy preparation.
To provide an overview of the renal biopsy, including the techniques and its complications, and to summarize proper laboratory methods for processing renal biopsy tissue.
This article is based on a review of the literature and on the experience of the author.
The experienced nephropathologist, knowledgeable in both renal medicine and pathology and thus able to correlate subtle tissue-derived information with appropriate clinical data, remains the most important key to the development of an accurate clinicopathologic diagnosis.