To review and update the literature on current trends with regard to Pneumocystis carinii (jiroveci ) diagnosis, treatment modalities, and its role in human disease processes.
Bibliographic databases (PubMed and Ovid) were searched for material and data between 1980 and September 2003 relevant to the review. Indexing terms used were "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia," and "Pneumocystis jiroveci," with the English language as a constraint. Other sources were the PhD thesis of one of the authors (J.F.W., London University, 1993) and the library at the Arabian Gulf University in the Kingdom of Bahrain.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and organ transplant cases with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
Independent extraction by 2 observers.
We reviewed the major characteristics of P carinii (jiroveci ) with special emphasis on the more recently acquired data including the presence of a round pore in the cyst wall, which appears to be used for the release of sporozoites, supporting the hypothesis of sexual reproduction in P carinii (jiroveci ).
Opportunistic infection with P carinii (jiroveci ) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus and non-human immunodeficiency virus-associated immunosuppressed patients. Diagnosis may be achieved in the majority of cases by routine cytochemical stains and specialized techniques such as immunocytochemistry and polymerase chain reaction. The incidence of P carinii pneumonia can significantly be reduced with effective use of prophylaxis and early detection of cases at high risk. Immunization for P carinii pneumonia is in the early stages and presents a challenging area for research.