The number and status of lymph nodes examined is crucial for tumor staging. Impact of preoperative chemoradiotherapy on lymph nodes status and survival is still controversial in rectal carcinoma. The aim of this study was (i) to define the impact of preoperative chemoradiotherapy on the number of both retrieved and positive lymph nodes in rectal cancer specimen, (ii) to evaluate the influence of the number of lymph nodes retrieved on survival in patients treated by preoperative chemoradiotherapy. From 1994 to 2004, 495 patients underwent rectal excision for cancer, of which 332 received long course preoperative radiotherapy. Surgery and pathologic assessment were standardized. Multivariate analysis evaluated the influence of clinical and pathologic variables on the number of both retrieved and positive lymph nodes. Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test assessed the relation between survival and the number of lymph nodes retrieved in patients treated by preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Compared with surgery alone, preoperative chemoradiotherapy decreased both the mean number of lymph nodes retrieved (17 vs. 13; P<0.001) and the mean number of positive lymph nodes (2.3 vs. 1.2; P=0.001). Multivariate analysis confirmed the independent impact of preoperative chemoradiotherapy on retrieved and positive lymph nodes. In patients treated by preoperative chemoradiotherapy, the 5-year overall (71%) and disease-free (60%) survival was not associated with the number of lymph nodes retrieved. Although long course preoperative chemoradiotherapy decreases by 24%, the mean number of lymph nodes retrieved and by 48% the mean number of positive lymph nodes, survival was not influenced by the number of lymph nodes retrieved in irradiated rectal specimen.