To evaluate whether cellular markers predict the responsiveness to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in cervical cancer, 21 patients with stages I and II cervical carcinomas treated by NAC before surgery were followed up for a mean of 52.3 months. Pre-NAC biopsy and operative specimens were subjected to counting of apoptotic (AI/V) and mitotic (MI/V) indices, detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA, and immunohistochemical analysis of cell cycle and proliferation markers (p21, p53, pRb, proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA], Ki-67) and multidrug resistance gene (MDR1), as related to NAC response (RAC), recurrence-free (RFS), and overall (OS) survival. Adenosquamous histology and lymph node involvement were significant determinants of nonsurvival. All carcinomas contained HPV DNA. In univariate analysis, p21, pRb, and MDRI in the biopsy specimen and PCNA, Ki-67, and pRb in the surgical sample significantly predicted RAC, while age, AI/V number of lymph nodes removed, and MI/V predicted RFS. Highly significant predictors of OS were AI/V number of lymph nodes removed, post-NAC MDR1 expression, MI/V and recurrence. Multivariate analysis confirmed the strong post-NAC effects of histologic type, AI/V, and MDR1 expression for RFS, and recurrence, age, and Ki-67 expression for OS. NAC responders with slightly decreased AI/V and increased MI/V had a poor prognosis.